DrugsBank Pharmacology MCQS

A 64 years old male experiences uncontrolled angina attacks that limits his ability to do household chores.He is adherent to a maximized dose of beta blocker with a low heart rate and a low blood pressure.He was unable to tolerate an increase in isosorbide mononitrate due to headache.Which is the most appropriate addition to his antianginal therapy ?

A)Aspirin
B)Amlodipine
C)Verapamil
D)Ronalozine

Answer :D
Ronalozine is the best answer.the patients blood pressure is low,so verapamil and amlodipine may drop blood pressure furher.Verapamil may also decrease heart rate .Ronalozine can be used when other agents are maximized,especially when blood pressure is well controlled.the patient will need a baselineECG and lab work to ensure safe use of this medication .

DrugsBank Pharmacology MCQS

Q) Which Of The Following Is A Potent Analgesic But Weak Anesthetic ?

A)Halothane
B)Etomidate
C)Nitrous Oxide
D)Midazolam
E)Thiopental

Answer : C

Diuretics Classification And Mnemonics

Definitions:

"Substances That Are Used  To Enhance To modulate ,or To Potentiate Diuresis.".
OR
"Any Agent,Drugs That Increase The Volume of Urine And any agent That Increase The excretion Of Na+ In The Urine Is Called Natriuritics".


Classification 

• Loop Diuretics

          (a)Furosemide

          (b)Torsemide

          (c)Ethacrynic Acid

          (d)Bumetanide

•     Thiazide Diuretics

          (a)Chlorthiazide

          (b)Chlorthalidone

          (c)Hydrochlorthiazide

          (d)Indipamide

          (e)Metolazone

•    Potassium Sparing Diuretics 

         (a)Amiloride

         (b)Spironolactone

         (c)Triamterene

•    Osmotic Diuretics

          (a)Glycerol

          (b)Urea

          (c)Mannitol

           

•   Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

          (a)Acetazolamide 

How To Remember It (Mnemonics)

Remember COLT Pee

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (at the proximal tubule)

Osmotic diuretics (at the Loop of Henle)

Loop diuretics (at the ascending loop)
Thiazides (at the distal tubule)

Potassium-sparing diuretics (at the collecting tubules) 

Diuretics make patient pee like a horse, hence "Colt Pee

Read More About  Diuretics .

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Top 10 Biggest Drugs Companies In 2016 By Revenue

Pharmaceutical Companies Are Consider The World Largest Industry Sector They Account Approximately More Then A Third Of Industry Total Market Share World Wide.The Global Market Of Pharmaceutical Industry Was Estimated To be 1114 Billion USD.These Organizations are The Power House Of R&D For Life Science Research. When We Start Ranking Of Biggest Pharma Industries We See Some Common Names Which Hold The Top 10 Slots.When We Look At The Past There are Some Big Companies Which Top The List Every Year.Although When We Look At 2015 Statistics Of Pharmaceutical Industries Revenue We See The Overall Revenue Of Pharmaceutical Industry Decreased In 2016 First Quarter,This Drop Down In Overall Revenue In My Opinion Is Due To The Huge Investment In R&D Sector.

Following Are The Top Pharmaceutical Industries Based On Their Revenue And Products Market Share.

(1) Johnson &Johnson :

The Name Of The Biggest Pharmaceutical Company In the World Are No Surprise "Johnson & Johnson With A Revenue Of 70074 Million US Dollars 2016 Which Is Slightly Decrease From That Of 2015 (74331 Million US Dollars) But Still They Retain Their Name On The First Position.There Are 182 Marketed Drugs Of Johnson & Johnson With A Market Leader In Hepatitis C, Arthritis,HIV/AIDS And Digestive Conditions.

(2) Roche:

The Second Position Holder This Year Is The Swiss Pharmaceutical Roche Which Were On Third In 2015..Roche Improve His Position By Replacing Novartis From Second Position.The Current Revenue Of Roche Is 50111 Million US Dollars Which Were 49860 Million US Dollars.

Its Best Selling Drugs Are Cancer Treatments Mebthera,Avastin,Xeloda and Herceptin.

(3) Pfizer:Pfizer:

Pfizer Are Famous For its Vaccines and Due To This Reason Pfizer Are Among Top Leading Pharmaceutical Companies In The World.Although They Also Produce Medicine And Therapeutic Areas Including Oncology ,Cardiology.Apart From Vaccines They Are Now Developing Market By Producing Some Great Products Like Lipitor,Celebrex And Viagra.The Current Revenue Of Pfizer Are 48851 million US Dollars Which Drops From 2015 (49605 million US Dollars) But Still They Improve One Slot From Fourth Position In 2015 To Third In 2016.

(4)Novartis:Currently Novartis Is On Fourth Position Which Drop From 2015 Second Position .Their Revenue Fall From 57996 Million US Dollars In 2015 To 49414 Million US Dollars In 2016.Novartis Is Specializes In The Development Of Biological Therapies.The Company Product Consist Of Eye Care,Prescription Products,Generics And Biosimilars.The Company Is Currently Operating In More 140 Countries World Wide With A 100000 Employees.

(5)Bayer :

Bayer Improve Itself From Position Nine To Fifth By Hugely Increasing Its Revenue From 25470 Million US Dollars To 51407 Million US Dollars In 2016.Bayer Has An Impressive Commercial Portfolio Of More Then 5000 Products .Apart From Human And Veternary Product Bayer Is Also Involve In Cosumer Health And Agriculture Sector .Bayer top Five Products Include Eye Medicine Eylea, Anticoagulant xarelto,Cancer Drugs Stivarga and Xofigo,And Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Drug Adempas.

(6)Merck:

 Merck, Who Retain his Place in the Ranking.Although The Overall Revenue Of Merck Slightly Fall in 2016. Current Revenue Of Merck is 39498 Million US Dollars Which Fall From 42237 Million US Dollars Their specialist therapeutic areas include oncology, neurodegenerative diseases, fertility and endocrinology. Merck is also well known for publishing The Merck Manuals, a series of best-selling medical reference books for physicians, nurses and technicians.

(7) GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) :
This is The First Company From UK In the List With A Current Revenue Of 36566 Million US Dollars In 2015.The Company Develop A broad Range Of Products Including  pharmaceuticals, vaccines and consumer healthcare, and has leading products across various therapeutic areas including cardiovascular and respiratory disease, asthma, cancer, infections, mental health, diabetes and digestive conditions.

(8)Sanofi :

A French Pharmaceutical Industry Specializes in OTC products In seven Major Therapeutic Areas ;CNS,Cardiovascular.Diabetes ,Internal Medicine,Oncology,Thrombosis And Vaccines.

The Company Revenue Improve By 8.99% in 2015 To Reach 34542 Million USD.In the First Quarter Of  2016 The company Revnue Increase to 43070 Million USD .The Company Also Invested 5042 MIllions USD in R&D.

(9)Gilead:
The US Base Pharmaceutical Industry Were On Position 10 in 2015 But They Improve To Position 9.There Revenue In 2015 were 24474 Million USD.The company grew by 31.13% between 2014 and 2015, to reach USD 32,639 million in 2015. The company invested USD 3,014 million in R&D in 2015.

(10)AstraZeneca ;

AstraZeneca successfully fended off takeover bids from Pfizer in 2014 and has layed-out ambitious targets for future growth, which if successful could see it improve its rank among the top ten list of pharmaceutical companies.The Company Revenue Were 23641 Million USD in 2015.AstraZeneca improve their Revenue In first Quarter Of 2016 To 26096 Million USD.The Company Invested 5997 Million USD In R&D In 2015.This is The Only Company In Top 10 List Who Invest More On R&D.